CLIMATE CHANGE 

A global catalog of varieties covering: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

This article presents an in-depth case study of the Costa Rican cooperative Coopedota, which produced the world’s first certified carbon neutral coffee from farm to port of departure in 2011. The authors examine the case study from several angles – through the lens of social science mapping the connections that enabled this sort of innovation, and through the lens of the coffee supply chain itself to understand issues like on-farm carbon sequestration and the emissions created in various points in the process using the PAS 2060 certification standards. Readers interested in carbon neutrality and carbon offsets, sustainability certifications, and social science will find this article especially interesting.

This report presents a very comprehensive overview of the coffee sector, by including market trends, main actors, stress factors, sustainability commitments and collaborations among different stakeholders. The goal of this report is presenting an analysis of the system taking into consideration the changes happened in the past few years which had considerable effects on the power dynamics of the sector, the economic relationship between the different coffee waves and the major coffee companies involved, as well as the imbalance between the revenues generated by producing versus consuming countries. By addressing the latter, the report presents a thorough investigation on producing countries, the relative economic value distributed, the consequences on farmers’ income and the environmental facts such as climate change and deforestation which are also factors contributing to this inequality. On the other hand, the document reports that only few companies are investing in sustainable commitments, but it does present information about voluntary sustainability standards and sustainable sourcing. As a final recommendation, it confirms the importance for the different stakeholders to engage in global collaborations. This report is particularly relevant for any coffee actor interested in getting to know the new trends of the industry, engage with the challenges and being curious about possible collaborative actions.

Seventy-five per cent of the world’s poor live in rural areas and most of them depend directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture is a source of livelihood for about 2.5 billion rural people and provides jobs for 1.3 billion smallholders and landless workers (World Bank 2007). Rural households also have other diverse livelihoods in non-agricultural activities such as agro-processing, trading and so on. Together all these activities ensure food requirements for rural households and generate income. But if poverty has to be reduced, it is important for rural households to interact with agricultural markets (IFAD 2003). Promoting exports of agricultural products and linking of farmers to global markets will also potentially reduce poverty. Concomitantly, market imperfections along agricultural value chains and unfair conditions in global markets apparently prevent these beneficial impacts to be fully realised and might even exacerbate poverty by increasing farmers’ dependency income and the volatile market price of some agricultural products such as coffee

Besides the need to reduce its own emissions, the challenge of the agricultural sector worldwide is also to adapt to a changing and more variable climate. Coffee is an important crop in Costa Rica based on cultivated area and the number of families connected to this activity that has a long historical tradition. In this context, the potential distribution shifts of coffee production based on climate change scenarios have been identified and targeted in this study. Bioclimatic variables along with elevation were used to evaluate changes in suitable areas for coffee production under the framework of four climate change scenarios for the year 2070. Results suggest that the highlands have a high probability of being suitable for coffee under all four scenarios, and unsuitability seems to be associated with the lowlands. All four climate change scenarios showed high overlap between the projected suitable areas for coffee and current forested areas. This investigation suggests that the long-term management of coffee production in Costa Rica should carefully consider climate change given its potential conflict with other land uses and associated socioeconomic implications.

While production and exports remain slight, the Philippines has established
itself as a vibrant coffee market. As is the case in most of Asia, domestic demand
for instant coffee is especially high—90% of coffee consumed in the Philippines
is instant coffee, and the country has been a leading importer of soluble coffee
by volume since 2011. As a result of the robust demand, the Philippines is
projected to become one of the top five global consumers of instant coffee by
2021.

The coffee plant is a woody perennial dicotyledon of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) consisting of over 80 species, out of which only two species are important for production of coffee beans – Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (Coffea canephora). Coffee cultivation provides livelihood for nearly 1.5 million families. Coffee has proven to be highly sensitive to climate change. Temperature and rainfall are the conditions considered to be important in defining potential coffee yield under changing climate. The studies were under taken at Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI), Coffee Research Station, Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka, India to assess the changes in weather pattern particularly on temperature and rainfall and its influence on coffee growth and development. To understand the change in climate and impact of weather parameters four decades of historical weather data were collected from meteorological observatory of the station and analysis were done by standard statistical procedure. Observations on photosynthetic parameters, berry development (Dry weight basis) and extension growth was recorded and assessed in marked plants at fortnightly intervals in arabica and robusta coffee cultivars at CCRI. Trendline analysis of weather parameters for four decades indicated increase in quantum of annual rainfall with change in distribution pattern, raise in both mean maximum and minimum temperature across coffee growing tracts of Western Ghats. The extreme climatic condition and mono shade affected the physiological processes like photosynthetic efficiency and carboxylation efficiency which lead to reduced instantaneous water use efficiency in coffee plants. Studies on coffee berry growth pattern indicated wide variations in growth pattern in robusta coffee indicating more vulnerability of robusta coffee for climate changes like excess deviation of rainfall. The observations confirmed that the peak period of vegetative growth in coffee is postponed by 15 to 20 days compared to earlier years due to changing monsoon rain fall pattern and rise in temperature. To mitigate this some of the strategies such as better water harvesting structures, imp roved and rationalized fertilizer use, adequate shade pattern with more diversification, improved soil conservation techniques, uses of plant growth regulators and nutrient sprays could be employed to get maximum crop production under present climate change scenarios.

This Study examines the variability in area, production, and productivity of coffee in India. Study reveals that, there was increasing trend of Robusta coffee and decreasing trend of Arabica coffee yields in India with three distinct periods due to climate change. Micro-level study was conducted on variability in yield of Arabica and Robusta coffee vis-à-vis climate change, variability of parameters like rainfall (RF), maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and mean relative humidity (RH) was undertaken with data recorded at Regional Coffee Research Station, Chundale, Wayanad, Kerala State. The yield data for 35 years (1980 to 2014) revealed that the yield of Robusta coffee was higher than that of Arabica coffee in most of the years due to favorable climate requirements in Kerala. There was increasing trend of yield of Robusta coffee in Kerala and decreasing trend of Arabica coffee. Blossom showers had significance influence in increasing the yield of coffee rather than total annual rainfall in Robusta coffee. El Niño events have little effect on coffee production in India in general, and out of 11 El Niño years, only 3 years coffee productivity was adversely affected. However, with respect to Kerala, Arabica yield was adversely affected in strong El Niño years, which was again confirmed with NDVI anomaly too.

Social capital has many applications in the adoption and management of voluntary certifications such as Fair trade, Rainforest Alliance, Utz, and CAFE Practices. We used a mixed-methods approach to assess social capital in five Costa Rican coffee cooperatives. We applied this information to its effects on the management of sustainable coffee certifications We found that the level of social capital affects the manner in which cooperatives manage certifications in terms of incentivizing certified members, distributing the profits from certification, and cooperating with outside organizations. Generalized trust was found to have an important link with voluntary participation in Rainforest Alliance certification when no financial incentive was provided. However, given the small differences among the cooperatives in micro-scale social capital, we conclude that certifications have not or have not yet made great impacts on the social capital on the micro-scale. This research presents important considerations for employing certifications and other sustainable development projects in different national contexts.

This research article presents an umbrella review of multiple scientific studies analysing the association between health and coffee consumption. In order to do so, the authors compared the results of a considerable amount of evidence obtained from previous meta-analysis studies. The main goal of this research was to shed light on whether the consumption of coffee is beneficial or harmful for people’s health. Conclusions expressed that coffee consumption is generally beneficial for liver diseases, some types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological outcomes, metabolic diseases among others. Only two harmful associations were identified for pregnant women and women with higher risk of fracture, where results showed a number of potential effects when coffee was consumed. In general, the study expressed that with usual levels of intake, between three to four cups a day, consumers’ health it’s unlikely to be affected. This article can be particularly interesting for coffee consumers curious to know the effects of coffee consumption on their health.

The result of the massive production of goods and services; has led our civilization to deal a major challenge: turning industrialized economies into sustainable industrial systems. The indicators of energetic performance achieve to improve the productive-energetic capacity of any organization and contribute to generate economic value, to reach the competitiveness and to mitigate the environmental impact. In the present research established the indicators of thermal energetic performance in one of nine high-roasting industry of coffee which cover more 90% of market in Colombia. The methodology used was based on the integral model of energy management. This study allowed to identify factors that affect directly the use and consumption of energy as the maintenance, the leaks of heat and lack of pressure and air calibration according to required power and to determine the scale of savings and expense in excess of thermal energy and CO2 amounts.

Arabica coffee production provides a livelihood to millions of people worldwide. Climate change impact studies consistently project a drastic decrease of Arabica yields in current production regions by 2050. However, none of these studies incorporated the beneficial effects that elevated CO concentrations are found to have on Arabica coffee yields, the so-called CO fertilization effect. To assess the impacts of climate change and elevated CO concentrations on the cultivation of Arabica coffee in Brazil, a coffee yield simulation model was extended with a CO fertilization and irrigation factor. The model was calibrated and validated with yield data from 1989 to 2013 of 42 municipalities in Brazil and found to perform satisfactorily in both the calibration ( R = 0.91, d = 0.96, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 8.58%) and validation phases ( R = 0.96, d = 0.95, MAPE = 11.16%). The model was run for the 42 municipalities from 1980 to 2010 with interpolated climate data and from 2040 to 2070 with climate data projected by five global circulation models according to the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 scenario. The model projects that yield losses due to high air temperatures and water deficit will increase, while losses due to frost will decrease. Nevertheless, extra losses are offset by the CO fertilization effect, resulting in a small net increase of the average Brazilian Arabica coffee yield of 0.8% to 1.48 t ha in 2040-2070, assuming growing locations and irrigation remain unchanged. Simulations further indicate that future yields can reach up to 1.81 t ha provided that irrigation use is expanded.

The use of climate information in economic activities, typically provided by climate services, may serve as a possible adaptation strategy to changing climate conditions. The present paper analyzes the value of climate services which are aimed at improving agricultural productivity through a reduction in weather-associated risks. The first part provides a theoretical foundation for estimating the value of climate services based on a stochastic life-cycle model of a rural household which faces uncertainty with respect to the timing and the size of an adverse weather shock. We subsequently calibrate the model to match the environment of coffee producers in the Cusco region of Peru and provide a range of estimates for the value of climate services for a single average household, the region, and the country as a whole. In the second part of the paper we use empirical data to corroborate the numerical estimates. We assess the value of climate services in the agricultural sector in Cusco based on a choice experiment approach. Data are analyzed using a standard as well as a random parameter logit model allowing for preference heterogeneity. Farmers show a significant willingness-to-pay for enhanced climate services which is particularly related to the service accuracy and geographic resolution. On average, the yearly value of a climate service in the coffee sector is found to be $21 per ha and $8.2 million for Peru as a whole.

The largest collaborative research project on coffee's flavors and aromas ever done. Created at the Sensory Analysis Center at Kansas State University, the lexicon identifies 110 flavor, aroma, and texture attributes present in coffee, and provides references for measuring their intensity. The purpose of the lexicon is to advance our understanding of coffee quality and how it is created, so that we may continue to increase it.

People the world over follow a very similar ritual: wake up, grab a cup of coffee.
Where the ritual diverts, however, is in the coffee's preparation, and sometimes its ingredients.
For instance, Americans probably wouldn't consider pepper, lemon, and cheese appropriate java mix-ins, but in other cultures these are the norm.